The former player: 'I really hoped to continue playing'
Important note: This article contains details of discriminatory language and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell says that going public to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his career to an early end.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have definitely had to retire because of what happened," he explained to media outlets.
"I wanted to continue competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when news emerged that there were investigations going on.
"That was difficult - I had to just come to terms with the outcome and understand that this entire situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's allegations were true "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient proof to definitively say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially excluded for their squad for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also encountered discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 caps after his debut in February 2014.
"I have had multiple distressing experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and some just outdated thinking that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the problem that I've myself experienced and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"Over a extended period you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not harmful, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally spurred to go public after a fellow player at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sun cream on his arms and legs "where your shackles were."
The governing body said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an strategy for the professional game."
"The organization has given significant attention on diversity and inclusion in the sport and a great deal of work completed both before and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are continuing work with teams and partners in the elite level to work for a environment of acceptance but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building inclusive environments, with its success monitored via specific documentation and feedback.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and defend others from harmful behaviour.
"You should be so proud of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary about his experiences.
"We know it has had this impact on you and finished your playing days, but in our eyes, you have achieved so well. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the filming of the documentary, and his sibling died recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the game more accessible.
His 12 Foundation aims to reach young people in under-served communities and help them thrive both on the field with complimentary sports training, guidance and dietary education.
"My personal motivations are pure, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that cause because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he explained.
"Everyone involved have an obligation to make the game as excellent as it can be and the more I talk about it hopefully the more confident others will become about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this flag and continue carrying this responsibility and do what I can to create possibilities and make the sport more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged young people and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that rugby has the ability to change their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in November 2022